INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE

•  A product that stimulates a persons immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting  the person for that disease is called vaccine. They are usually administered through needle  injections, but also to be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

• "Edward Jenner, cowpox and small pox vaccination." We will begin our history of vaccine and immunization with the story of Edward Jenner, a country Doctor living in Berkeley (Gloucestershire) England, who in 1796 preformed the world's first vaccine .

•  Human beings have benefited from vaccines for more than two centuries. Yet the pathway to effective vaccines has been neither neat nor direct. This paper explores the history of vaccines and immunization, beginning with Edward Jenner’s creation of the world’s first vaccine for small pox in the 1790s.    

• Edward Jenner is considered as the founder of vaccineology in the west, in 1796, after he inoculated a 13 year old boy with vaccinia virus (cow pox), an demonstrated immunity to small pox. In 1798,the first small pox vaccine was developed.

 

Role of vaccine

 A vaccine stimulates your immune system to produce antibodies, exactly like how it would be if you were exposed to the disease. After getting vaccinated, you develop immunity to that disease, without having to get the disease first. This is what makes vaccines such powerful medicine

History of vaccine

 

* Modern vaccine history began in the late 18th century with the discovery of Small pox immunization by Edward Jenner. This pivotal step led to substantial progress in prevention of infectious disease with inactivated vaccines for multiple infection diseases, including typhoid, plague and cholera. Each advance produced significant decrease in infection-associated morbidity and mortality, thus shaping our modern cultures. As knowledge of microbiology and immunology grew through the 20th century, techniques were developed for cell culture of viruses. This allowed for rapid advances in prevention of polio, varicella, influenza and others. Finally, recent research has led to the development of alternative vaccine startegies through use of vectored antigens, pathogen subunits (purified proteins or polysaccharides )or genetically enginnered antigens. As the science of vaccineology continues to rapidly evolve. Knowledge of the past creates added emphasis on the importance of developing safe and effective strategies for infectious disease prevention in the 21st century.

Vaccines save millions of lives each year. Vaccines work by training and preparing the body's natural defences ---the immune system ---to recognize and fight off the viruses and bacteria they target. If the body is exposed to those disease-causing germs later, the body is immediately ready to destroy them, preventing illness.

A little about covid-17vaccine

 Corona virus disease (Covid -19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered corona viruses.

 The virus that causes Covid -19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infection person cough, sneezes or exhales, by touching the containaminated surface and then your eyes, noes or mouth.

 

 *There are currently more than 50 covid -19 vaccine candidates in trials. WHO is working in collaboration with scientists, business teams, and global health organizations through the ACT.

Accelerator to speed up the pandemic response. When a safe and effective vaccine is found, COVAX (led by WHO, GAVI and CEPI )will facilitate the equitable access and distribution of these vaccines to protect people in all countries. People most at risk will be prioritized. While others work towords rolling out a safe and effective vaccine. Fairly, we must continue the essential public health awareness and actions to suppress transmission and to reduce mortality.

Name: Deepika P

            Rahul R